On the contrary, this thread should really be about my language project. That's what I'm working on in the big picture, and the C++ Program was just one little part. It would be a great pleasure for you guys to ask me about my project so I can talk about it. It's something fun for me! My undergraduate work was in cognitive science, well technically in the Philosophy department, so the logic side of it. But I was taking a lot of cogsci classes. And philosophy of language, language cognition, & linguistics were the areas I was most interested in. And then independently Hebrew & Japanese (and some German) were the foreign languages I studied. So half of it is a fun way to learn how languages work from the inside in actually *constructing* them. And the other half is sort of an homage to the languages I studied by seeing if they could be combined in fun & creative ways -- Japanese, Hebrew, and another language Chickasaw (along with its sister tongue Choctaw), which is connected to my family history. And I was always interested in translating. But it's when I stumbled onto some tutorial sites for *how* to make a ConLang that I saw that it's something that can actually be done. So I ran with it. Alright MD, let's see what you've cracked just from what you've seen. I'm in the process of trying to write all my scattered notes into a grammar textbook, and I'm realizing it needs a lot of cleaning up. I'm learning my own language almost like a foreign language as I go. Generally, you're seeing the Hebrew connection. The other pieces are Japanese & Chickasaw. Chickasaw is the core grammar. You start with a time conjugated verb with a SO prefix, then list the elements. Then like Japanese, the cases are tagged (although as you noticed, Hebrew also does this with "et-" for direct objects. Japanese does it for many of the other cases too, "ha", "ga", "wo", "ni"...). Like Japanese (and unlike Hebrew's "et"), the tags come at the end of the phrase it's tagging. Note on pronunciation, to keep it one letter, C="Ch", X="Sh", and R is between a French guttural R to Hebrew "ch". Yes! You have the 4 letter roots and add vowels just as you said, o-i for present indicative, u-e for past indicative, and a-a for modals, which add a suffix for some modals, "nofo" indeed being the "may" modal, and "halos" for the imperative (not really a modal, but it got into that category. Reciprocal should also be a suffix like Hebrew's hitpael, good guess!, currently "yalos". Also "must", "can", etc.) Yes, by gender & number, in the order SO. So if you wanted to just say "He saw her", you can say the whole thing with just the verb: Yisi-suplel. (Yi ="he" male subj, si = "her" female obj.) If you wanted it to be "John saw Jane", it'd be Yisi-suplel Can ma Cen ca. Yes, ma is the subject tag, and ca is the object tag. There are also tags for indirect objects, and like Japanese, the participles sort of work like tags for objects of participles (in, on, through, from, etc.) Yes. (There is no indefinite article. Like Hebrew a bit again.) And can you see the modifier for plural? (At least one of the words in my translation is plural and you can see how it differs from the singular ones.) Actually it's closer to Japanese, the difference being is that English usually has relative clauses after the noun ("the big train, which I saw.") whereas Japanese (and Turkish) is strictly head-final. All modifiers go before the noun on pain of death! Relative clauses work like adjective phrases. So it'd be "the seen-by-me big train". Now we have a verb again, so we have the Chickasaw/Hebrew style again, with one extra flavor. And this is where the English did influence a little. Instead of "I-it-saw" (for "the train which I saw"), you replace the noun you're modifying with a "what" (or whatever the interrogative word is for it), in this case the TRAIN. So "the train which I saw" would be "I-what-saw". [it's a little like how we do English. "The train (I saw it) was going fast." You replace the 'it' with 'which', and put the "which" up front, so it's: The train, which I saw, was going fast."] So for our Wasmaxna -- if we want to translate "The big train, which I saw, was going fast." -- you'd start with the head verb, "is", the copula linking Train to "going fast" (edit: sorry, actually you'd start with the past progressive "was going", so I'm going to have to fix the next sentences...). So we'd start with "It(subj)-WAS_GOING". Then you add the relative phrase modifying the train, "I saw it", replacing the "it" slot for the train-object with "what". So you'd next have "I-what-SAW". It was a "big train" which I saw, so after the "I-what-SAW", we put the "BIG" adjective. Then you'd finally have the noun head, the word "TRAIN". Then you post mark it with the subject tag "ma", for the first head verb (WAS GOING). (Notice like relative clauses can do, it's also in the role of object of the relative verb, "I saw it", but we don't put an object tag for it. The way we communicate it's an object of that second verb is like English, we use the interrogative "what" (or "which" in English) in the object spot of the verb.) Then finally we have "fast", which is the adverb on the verb "WAS GOING". Adjectives and adverbs are currently indistinguishable. They don't modify by anything. And they don't get any markers. So you just throw the word there at the end and let it stands, and context tells you it modifies either the train or going fast. Hmm, maybe I should distinguish adjectives & adverbs after all. Well, wait, the adjectives all go before the noun... So obviously if it were a "Fast train", "FAST" would have gone next to "BIG". But for adverbs, since it's VSO, modifiers of verbs are currently thrown at the end and the verb links to them somehow. I will have to think about this more. But anyway, currently you just throw fast at the end & context tells you it's modifying the WAS GOING. So using the past progressive form I currently have, the translation would be: Ki-kuybexbit kikul-suplel hiceka liya mae babate. Past progressive of "TO GO" (Kuybex=past simple; + BIT=progressive). KI = the suffix for a neuter subject (notice there's just one slot for that verb since it's intransitive, the subject, the "seen-by-me big train" that takes the slot with "mae", the subject-definite marker. There's no object slot in the verb like you see in other examples, like Yisi-, etc.). And then the word FAST is thrown at the end, with context telling you it's modifying the GOING, which you're supposed to know is referring to "going" by the context. [Footnote: Before I was thinking of "going fast" as a gerund, maybe a stupid mistake. If you did it that way, the head verb would be the copula "IS", which links the train to a gerund "GOING" as a reified noun, with "o-u-o". So if the verb "to go" is KYBX, "going" would be "koyubox", without any suffixes since it's like infinitive. And you'd put "fast" in front of that gerund like an adjective. The TRAIN WAS [FAST-GOING]. "The big train, which I saw, was going fast.", would then look like [it-it-WAS] [i-what-SAW] [bIG] [TRAIN] [subj-definite tag] [FAST] [GOING] [complement tag]. Kiti-hukxer kikul-suplel hiceka liya mae babate koyubox sa. Then a copula tag, "sa" (I think I was going to use that? It's still a trial rule). In as close to literal English as I can get: "Was the-seen-by-me big train fast-going." Hmm, I say it was a mistake to use a copula when the verb was actually past progressive, but maybe my intuition was telling me something after all to use it like a copula (English blurs the line after all). I did run into the problem linking adverbs to the head verb, and that's sort of what the "WAS" serves to do for the Past Progressive form in English.] As you can see I'm still learning it & developing it as I understand it better. Thanks for taking notice! Edit: If anyone reads this far, I'll reward them with the running rough draft of my grammar urtext: https://docs.google....QyjcJfdkVo/edit